SAN DIEGO -- Postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are at increased risk for developing ulcerative colitis, whereas younger women using oral contraceptives are more likely to develop Crohn's disease, a researcher said here during a session on inflammatory bowel disease.
Among current users of HRT, there was a 74% increase in risk of ulcerative colitis (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.77), compared with women who had never taken hormone replacements, according to Hamed Khalili, MD, of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and colleagues.
Action Points
- Note that these studies were published as abstracts and presented at a conference. These data and conclusions should be considered to be preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
- Postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are at increased risk for developing ulcerative colitis, whereas younger women using oral contraceptives are more likely to develop Crohn's disease.
- Note that it is unknown why the effects on inflammatory bowel disease would be different for estrogen levels associated with oral contraceptives compared with those with hormone replacement therapy.
But among premenopausal women, the aged-adjusted hazard ratio for Crohn's disease was 2.65 (95% CI 1.53 to 4.60) among those currently on oral contraceptives compared with those who had never used these agents, Khalili reported here during the annual Digestive Disease Week.
Estrogen is thought to have various effects on the intestinal barrier, modifying colonic permeability and mediating inflammation through effects on estrogen receptors, which could lead to changes in gut immunity.
However, previous research has been limited to retrospective analyses and small numbers, so Khalili and colleagues examined rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in the Nurses' Health Study, which began enrolling women in 1976.
For the postmenopausal HRT analysis, they included 108,589 women whose median age was 54 and who had no history of either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
During 1,891,153 person-years of follow-up, there were 138 new cases each of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Risk of ulcerative colitis was increased not only among current users of HRT, but also among former users (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.71).
The risk of ulcerative colitis was higher with longer use of HRT (P=0.02 for trend), but that risk dropped based on the length of time the woman had stopped HRT.
The adjusted risk was 2.11 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.84) among those who had not been taking the hormones for 5 years or less. The adjusted risk was 1.27 (95% CI 0.72 to −2.24) for those who had stopped more than 5 years previously.
The type of hormone therapy used did not appear to influence ulcerative colitis risk.
Among these older women, there was no association between HRT and Crohn's disease (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.81), Khalili said.
In the oral contraceptive analysis, Khalili and colleagues followed 232,730 women for a total of more than 5 million person-years.
During that time, there were 309 cases of Crohn's disease and 362 cases of ulcerative colitis.
For Crohn's disease, the risk remained elevated even among past users of oral contraceptives (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.98).
After adjustment for multiple reproductive factors including age at menarche, parity, and menopause status, the multivariate hazard ratios for Crohn's disease remained at 2.66 (95% CI 1.52 to 4.64) for those currently taking oral contraceptives and 1.40 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.86) for those who had done so in the past.
In contrast to the HRT study, this analysis found no link between oral contraceptives and risk for ulcerative colitis, with a multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of 1.22 (95% CI 0.71 to 2.09).
Together, these two analyses suggest that estrogen influences the biological pathways that lead to inflammatory bowel disease, Khalili said.
As to why the effects would be different for estrogen levels associated with oral contraceptives compared with those with hormone replacement therapy, he observed that "estrogen has pleiotropic effects," and there may be different risk factors at different ages, but said he had no specific mechanism to offer.
One implication of the study was that clinicians might advise women who have a strong family history of Crohn's disease to use other forms of birth control to minimize their chance of developing the condition.
Disclosures
Khalili had no financial disclosures.
One co-author is a consultant to Policy Analysis, and a second is a consultant for Bayer AG, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer.
Primary Source
Digestive Disease Week
Source Reference: Khalili H, et al "Hormonal replacement therapy and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease among postmenopausal women: results from a large prospective cohort of U.S. women" DDW 2012; Abstract 401.
Secondary Source
Digestive Disease Week
Source Reference: Khalili H, et al "Reproductive factos and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: results from two large prospective cohorts of U.S. women" DDW 2012; Abstract 402.