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LGBTQ students attending schools with gay-straight alliance programs in place reported experiencing less bullying and better health outcomes than their LGBTQ peers whose schools lacked such programs, according to a national survey.

Among 17,112 LGBTQ high school respondents, 91% reported at least one experience with bullying of any type, and in fact most bullying was for "stigmatized identities" unrelated to gender identity or sexual orientation, such as body weight or religion, reported Leah M. Lessard, PhD, of the University of Connecticut in Hartford, and colleagues.

Although all forms of bullying were correlated with negative health outcomes like sleep issues, depression, or smoking, the presence of gay-straight alliance programs at schools, which focus on peer-to-peer connectedness to reduce prejudice, was not only associated with reductions in bullying, but improvements on these health outcomes, they wrote in the

Moreover, presence of such programs significantly diminished rates of bullying of nearly every type, including that targeting victims' weight, sex, religion, or disability, as well as bullying based on gender nonconformity or sexual orientation.

"This study calls attention to the broad reaching stigma reduction potential of GSAs that may reduce not only bullying based on sexual and gender identity, but also bullying based on other diverse identities," Lessard told 乌鸦传媒. "GSAs are more than a peripheral extracurricular club, they have a real impact on student health and cultivating climates of inclusion in schools."

GSAs vary in structure across schools, but they are typically student-run and designed to target all forms of biases to create a more inclusive school environment, commented Dorothy Espelage, PhD, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who was not involved in this study.

Therefore, it was not surprising that the presence of GSAs in schools was associated with lower rates of bullying for not only sexual and gender biases, but other forms of bullying, Espelage told 乌鸦传媒.

However, linking these biases to health outcomes was unique, Espelage said, noting that adverse child experiences have broadly been linked to high blood pressure and other health outcomes in adulthood.

"We're starting in the general bullying literature to really broaden outcomes to include not just depression, anxiety, and suicidality, but other health indicators," Espelage said. "It makes complete sense that if you're not feeling good about life and you're stressed and anxious, that goes into your sleep and other health indicators."

This was a convenience sample and in order to understand the effects of bullying on adolescent mental and physical health over time, longitudinal analyses are needed, Espelage added.

"We need to track these kids to see the extent to which GSAs are associated with lower bias and better health outcomes," Espelage said. "With a mediation model ... you can't really talk about temporal trends or causation."

The web-based 2017-2019 LGBTQ National Teen Survey recruited English-speaking adolescents ages 13-17 on social media and through the Human Rights Campaign's community partners. Teens were asked to report how often they were bullied for a variety of factors on a 5-point scale.

In total, 17,112 students -- 72.3% female, 67% cisgender -- were included. Close to two-thirds of respondents were white (62%), about 11% were Latino, 5.8% were African American, 4.1% were Asian, and the remainder were classified as another ethnicity. In the cohort, 37.4% were gay, 34.9% were bisexual, 1.6% were straight, 13.2% were pansexual, 6.6% were queer or questioning, and 4.2% were asexual.

Overall, 73% reported bullying that was related to factors outside of their sexual and gender identity, including their body weight (57%), religion (27%), or disabilities (17%), Lessard and co-authors reported.

Thirty percent of students reported being bullied because of their race/ethnicity overall, but that was higher among African American (57-62%), Latino (52-63%), and Asian students (66-77%), as well as students of other ethnicities (55-59%), compared with white students (14-15%).

Reporting bullying based on weight, gender, race/ethnicity, religion, disability, gender typicality, and sexuality were all associated with a higher risk of negative health outcomes, even after adjusting for demographic variables, sexual and gender identity, disability, parental education, and whether students were "out" to their classmates.

Overall, 63% of teens said their school had a GSA program in place, and the presence of such programs was associated with reductions in bullying in every form, researchers reported. Additionally, GSAs were associated with reductions in health risks such as depression, sleep disorders, stress, and "unhealthy weight control behaviors."

Schools with gay-straight alliances may be located in higher socioeconomic areas than those without such programs, which limits the generalizability of these findings, the authors indicated. Also, all measures were self-reported from adolescents, so recall bias is a possibility.

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